Tabaruzaka was one of the most intense campaigns of the war. This rebellion was led by the restoration hero Saig Takamori and lasted six months. "How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion." Augustus Henry Mounsey. By this time much uneasiness prevailed. "Saigo Takamori: The Last Samurai." Saig and his remaining samurai were pushed back to Kagoshima where, in a final battle, the Battle of Shiroyama, Imperial Army troops under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo and marines under the command of Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi outnumbered Saig 60-to-1. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era.. In July, the Emperor's army encircled Saigo's men, but the Satsuma army fought its way free with heavy casualties. The Tokugawa regime was falling apart, but it had not yet occurred to Saigo that a future Japanese government might not include a shogunafter all, the shoguns had ruled Japanfor 800 years. First I developed my thesis statement. ISBN-13: 9781142113520. With these deaths, the Satsuma rebellion came to an end. During the battle of Shiroyama, Saig was badly injured in the hip. 25,000 YEN TOSHIMOTO. He led his samurai straight up the middle of Kyushu, planning to cross the straits and march on Tokyo. The traditional explanation of the offensive rifle cartridges causing the initial outbreak of mutiny is only part of the story. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549. Saigo privately cheered on the rebels in other provinces, but stayed at his country house rather than returning to Kagoshima for fear that his presence might spark yet another rebellion. He also cancelled scholarships for Japanese students abroad and fired foreign experts.[8]. The Satsuma Rebellion (also known as "seinan sens" - the Southwestern War) was a turning point in Japanese history. traffic source, etc. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. In order to cut Saig off from his base, an imperial force with three warships, 500 policemen, and several companies of infantry landed in Kagoshima on March 8, seized arsenals, and took Satsuma's governor into custody. Some children had pestered him into becoming their teacher, and the kind-hearted giant complied. Instance of. It was the final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, . By August 17, the Satsuma army had been reduced to 3000 combatants, and had lost most of its modern firearms and all of its artillery. The Satsuma Rebellion. Saigo's troops marched out confidently, sure that samurai in other provinces would rally to their side, but they faced an imperial army of 45,000 with access to unlimited supplies of ammunition. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570 (accessed March 1, 2023). Those men were motivated by growing domestic problems and by the threat of foreign encroachment. The Last Samurai chronicles the fortuitous rise and tragic fall of Saig. Each battalion was divided into ten companies of 200 men. Saig was initially confident of his ability to take Kumamoto Castle, but he had underestimated the effectiveness of the imperial conscripts defending the castle. 28, No. Saigo, however, had no regard for the conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial army. The Satsuma Rebellion : Illustrated Japanese History - the Last Stand of the Samurai by Wilson, Sean and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. The Meiji Restoration of 1868 signaled the beginning of the end for Japan's samurai warriors. Read 7 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. In the end, the dispute with Korea came to a head only in 1875 when a Japanese ship sailed to Korean shores, provoking artillery there into opening fire. What the disaffected clans and individuals wanted was a larger share of power. It was believed by some that he had fled to Russia, or ascended to Mars. This upbringing instilled a sense of dignity, frugality, and honor in young Saigo. At age six, Saigo Takamori started at the local gojuor samuraielementary schooland got his first wakizashi, the short sword used by samurai warriors. Yamagata also landed a detachment with two infantry brigades and 1,200 policemen behind the rebel lines, so as to fall on them from the rear from Yatsushiro Bay. By HORACE WALLER, FRGS, Rector of Twywell, Northampton. Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned, returning power to the Emperor in what came to be known as the Meiji Restoration. Saig initially disagreed with the modernization of Japan and the opening of commerce with the West. academic excellence, an international orientation, and a liberal spirit. Zargabraath 3 yr. ago. Three firsthand accounts of the condition of his deceased body exist. 1 reference. The Meiji government, with an army numbering 300,000 to 350,000 and was able to cripple the Satsuma rebellion in a matter of months. [7] These state-owned industries had been operating at a loss, and Finance Minister Matsukata Masayoshi decided to sell all of these to politically connected capitalists at a loss, except the railroad, telegraph and military industries. By 1877, he sided with rebel forces and fought in what's now known as the Satsuma Rebellion. Although kubo Toshimichi and others were more active and influential in establishing the new Meiji government, Saig retained a key role, and his cooperation was essential in the abolition of the han system and the establishment of a conscript army. The Last Samurai's Katsumoto Moritsugu is based on the iconic Japanese samurai Saig Takamori. [6] In debate, some scholars have suggested that neither is the case and that Saig may have gone into shock following his wound, losing his ability to speak. (2021, September 7). On September 1, Saigo and his 300 surviving men moved to Shiroyama mountain above Kagoshima, which was occupied by 7,000 imperial troops. This includes data values and the controlled vocabularies that house them. SAIGO's army campaigned as far as Kumamoto and Miyazaki (both in Kyushu), but then returned to Kagoshima in September, where it holed up in Shiroyama. Professor John Lynn 442 Gregory Hall Office Hours: MW, 1pm and by appointment [email protected] Cell Phone: 217-778-7333 History 251/GLBL 251: War, Military Institutions, and Society since 1815 Spring Semester 2023 MW, 12pm, 319 Lincoln Hall Check out Professor Lynn's web page and CV: Canvas All the basic materials for this class can be found on Canvas at Spring 2023-HIST 251-Warfare Milit . [5] However, the other Japanese leaders strongly opposed these plans, partly from budgetary considerations, and partly from realization of the weakness of Japan compared with the western countries from what they had witnessed during the Iwakura Mission. He was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history and one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration. Saig did insist, however, that Japan should go to war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873 due to Korea's refusal to recognize the legitimacy of the Emperor Meiji as head of state of the Empire of Japan, and insulting treatment meted out to Japanese envoys attempting to establish trade and diplomatic relations. Over the next three days, more than 1000 students staged raids on the naval yards and other arsenals.[3]. The line infantry was divided into 14 regiments of three battalions each. Over the next two years, the government seized land from the elite samurai and redistributed profits to lower ranked warriors. Friction among the Cabinet members over the question of Korean conquest, added to the local disturbances, made the already confused state of things worse confounded, and the result was the famous Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. Saig Takamori Gunmusho () banknote, issued in 1877 to finance his war effort. 1794 by H.M. Brackenridge. In February 1877, the Meiji government dispatched Hayashi Tomoyuki, an official with the Home Ministry with Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi in the warship Takao to ascertain the situation. Saig met the noted British diplomat Ernest Satow in the 1860s, as recorded in the latter's A Diplomat in Japan, and Satow was present at the unveiling as recorded in his diary. Main article: Satsuma Rebellion Portrait of Saig Takamori, faithful depiction by the acquaintance Tokonami Masayoshi in 1887 Saig preparing for war Shortly thereafter, a private military academy known as the Shi-gakk was established in Kagoshima for the faithful samurai who had also resigned their posts to follow him from Tokyo. On February 22, the main Satsuma army arrived and attacked Kumamoto castle in a pincer movement. Originally, they were a militant sect of Hindu Worshippers. List Price: $31.95. Already a popular figure, after his death, Saigo Takamori was lionized by the Japanese people. Although much of his history has been lost, recent scholars have discovered clues to the true nature of this illustrious warrior and diplomat. Brilliant Essays. After Saig rejected a letter dated September 1 from Yamagata drafted by a young Suematsu Kench asking him to surrender, Yamagata ordered a full frontal assault on September 24, 1877. The Siege of Kumamoto Castle lasted until April 12, 1877. 2 See Augustus Mounsey, The Satsuma Re-bellion, London, 1879, p. 274 and appendices. Rebellions by the samurai, which had broken out sporadically since 1868 (Meiji 1), including the 1869-70 conflict between irregular military units and upper rank samurai commanders in the Choshu domain, gained steam with the collapse of the "conquer Korea debate". The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September of that year, when it was decisively crushed, and its leader, Saig Takamori, was shot and mortally wounded. Battle of Tabaruzaka: Imperial troops on the left, rebel samurai troops on the right, Saigo's army clashes with the government's forces. By March, Saigo realized that his rebellion was doomed. Tokyo intended to confiscate the weapons and take them to an imperial arsenal in Osaka. Themes In Keeper N Me. Saig Takamori was labelled as a tragic hero by the people, and his actions were considered an honorable example of bushido and Yamato-damashii. The imperial troops spent several days constructing an elaborate system of ditches, walls and obstacles to prevent another breakout. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their . On March 4, Imperial Army General Yamagata ordered a frontal assault against Tabaruzaka, guarding the approaches to Kumamoto, which developed into an eight-day-long battle. Author: Mounsey, Augustus Henry. The Daimyo of Satsuma was one of the most powerful and aggressive of the . Although the samurai were heavily outnumbered, they made a heroic stand and counterattack against the Japanese Army and showed their legendary skills off to the world in their final fight. Publish Date: Dec 10, 2008. Although Satsuma had been one of the key players in the Meiji Restoration and the Boshin War, and although many men from Satsuma had risen to influential positions in the new Meiji government, there was growing dissatisfaction with the direction the country was taking. In the hostilities which followed he took no part, being content to show his disapproval of the new regime by withdrawing into a retirement from which he never again emerged. The province of Satsuma is situated in the southernmost portion of the island of Kyushu, and Kagoshima is the capital city. All, perhaps, over-estimated their share in the accomplishment of the Restoration. Szczepanski, Kallie. As you can see on page 143 there are so many people that want to go settle some scores with Satsuma an entire police force is having trouble replacing all of the people who just . This opposition reached the boiling point in 1876 when the central government banned samurai from carrying swords and stopped paying them stipends. Just about 400 or 500 of the Satsuma samurai escaped the mountain slope on August 19, including Saigo Takamori. In the wee hours of the morning on September 24, the emperor's troops launched a three-hour-long artillery barrage, followed by a massed infantry assault that began at 6 am. To aid in the air of legality, Saig wore his army uniform. The Satsuma rebellion furnishes themes for the illustrators. He was born on May 26 th in the fourth year of Keian (, 1651). #ga-ad {display: none;} How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, The Four-Tiered Class System of Feudal Japan, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. A primary source of its causes and events. ThoughtCo. when did the meiji restoration enddoes keegan allen have a child 26th February 2023 / in west warwick viewpoint / by / in west warwick viewpoint / by A reproduction of the same statue stands on Okinoerabujima, where Saig had been exiled. After two days of fruitless attack, the Satsuma forces dug into the rock-hard icy ground around the castle and tried to starve the garrison out in a siege. Many native infantryman (sepoys) believed that these new cartridges introduced in early 1857 had been greased by cow and pig fat. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Satsuma Rebellion - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. He is popularly known as "The Last Samurai," and proved so beloved that Emperor Meiji felt compelled to issue him a posthumous pardon in 1889. Satsuma Rebellion. Meanwhile, however, a crisis was developing in the government itself. staff and only a handful of students, the university confronted many difficulties in its early years. Saigo supported a stronger role for the Emperorbut distrusted the others' millennial rhetoric. The influential Satsuma samurai, Saigo Takamori, was away at the time and had no knowledge of these events, but hurried home when he heard the news. [11], Modern weapons that were used by the Imperial Army include the Smith and Wesson Model 3, Colt 1851 Navy Revolver, Winchester Model 1873, Enfield Pattern 1853, Mauser Model 1871, as well as the Gatling and Armstrong guns. . This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. Though in Satsuma the rivalry of individual leaders had stopped short of open hostilities, the division of feeling was not less marked. ISBN-13: . As commander of Satsuma's troops, Saigo led an 1864 punitive expedition against the Choshu domain, whose army in Kyoto had opened fire on the Emperor's residence. During 1867, Saigo and officials from Choshu and Tosa made plans to bring down the Tokugawa bakufu. A myth persists that the head was never found. From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle." by W. W. McLaren (page images at HathiTrust) The Satsuma advance guard, 4,000 strong, set out on February 15, marching north. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. In its central quarters in that town, and in branches elsewhere, the youth of the clan received a military training. Szczepanski, Kallie. On September 24, 1877, at 3:45 am, the Emperor's army launched its final assault in what is known as the Battle of Shiroyama. As with its predecessors, the origins of 1877 lie in the 1873 debate over a proposed invasion of Korea. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. The true story that inspired the 2003 Tom Cruise film The Last Samurai, the Satsuma Rebellion (seinan sens, or "Southwestern War" in Japanese) was an 1877 rebellion of disaffected ex-samurai from Satsuma domain against the newly constituted Meiji government of Japan.Led by an erstwhile member of the government's highest circle, the legendary samurai Saigo Takamori, the . (2021, September 2). Wikipedia. This fighter's primary weapon is a percussion rifle, and the only other 'modern' element of his D: THE SATSUMA REBELLION, 1877 appearance is a white crossbelt supporting a cap pouch on D1: Highranking samurai, rebel army his chest and a cartridge pouch behind his right hip. The Apocryphal Suicide of Saig Takamori: Samurai, Seppuku, and the Politics of Legend. Journal of Asian Studies 69.3 (2010): 691-721. He also married a local woman namedAigana and fathered a son. In December 1876, the Meiji government sent a police officer named Nakahara Hisao and 57 other men to investigate reports of subversive activities and unrest. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. shizoku rebellion. by HistoryNet Staff 6/12/2006 Financially, crushing the Satsuma Rebellion cost the government a total of 420,000,000 (8,400,000),[5] forcing Japan off the gold standard and causing the government to print paper currency. But in Satsuma the division of feeling remained unaltered, a circumstance which, added to separatist tendencies that stood in the way of combined action, was, in the sequel, of much benefit to the Government. They saw Japan as the abode of godssince the Emperor descended from the Sun Goddessand believed that the heavens would protect them from the western military and economic might. Along with troops from Aizu, Saigo's massive army marched on Choshu, where he negotiated a peaceful settlement rather than launching an attack. https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549 (accessed March 1, 2023). The Battle of Shiroyama ( Shiroyama no tatakai) took place on 24 September 1877, in Kagoshima, Japan. When the attack finally came, the Satsuma forces withdrew, leaving small pockets of samurai to hit the larger army in guerrilla-style strikes. The members of his retinue carried in cotton bags the swords they were no longer allowed to wear; and when, at the end of his journey, the gates of the yashiki at Kagoshima closed upon his palanquin, he may have realized that he had passed for ever out of the political life in which he had at one time played so conspicuous a role. The Satsuma Rebellion. As none of the eyewitness accounts mention a wound to the abdomen, or any fresh sword wound at all, it is unknown if Saig pierced his stomach with his sword. In disgust at this latest move of a Government with which he had never from the first been in sympathy, he left Tokio. After the Boshin War, Saigo retired to hunt, fish, and soak in hot springs. Omissions? Format: Paperback. Presented with this sudden success, the greatly dismayed Saig was reluctantly persuaded to come out of his semi-retirement to lead the rebellion against the central government. In the final battle, the Battle of Shiroyama, 30,000 imperial troops bore down upon Saigo and his few hundreds of surviving rebel samurai. In addition to the army, the central government also used marines and Tokyo policemen in its struggle against Satsuma. Fearing a rebellion, the Meiji government sent a warship to Kagoshima to remove the weapons stockpiled at the Kagoshima arsenal on January 30, 1877. Although the Satsuma Rebellion far exceeded the next largest disturbance, the 1874 Saga Rebellion of 2, 500 samurai, it followed a general pattern of samurai protest. ThoughtCo, Sep. 2, 2021, thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549. The rebels fought two significant battles against the central government: the Siege of Kumamoto Castle and the Battle of Tabaruzaka. However, disgruntled samurai in Satsuma viewed him as a symbol of traditional virtues and wanted him to lead them in opposition to the Meiji state. Saigo spent a lot of time soaking in hot springs and strenuously avoiding politics. Updates? They were followed two days later by the rear guard and artillery unit, who left in the midst of a freak snowstorm. Early on February 22, the Satsuma attack began. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. Maebara Ikkaku, from Bumbu komei den (Story of famous figures for military and literary) 20,000 YEN TOSHIMOTO. The Battle of Shiroyama: The final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, this battle serves as the basis for the final battle scene in the film. Multiple legends sprang up concerning Saig, many of which denied his death. Because of the Satsuma Rebellion, the government faced serious financial difficulties. opposition to the Meiji Restoration In Japan: Abolition of feudalism the greatest, revolt came in Satsuma in 1877. instance of. He funded but was not directly involved with the schools, so did not know that the students were becoming radicalized against the Meiji government. 8 Practical Tips to Maximize Efficiency in Real Estate Investing The eight-month-long Satsuma Rebellion was the last great rebellion of feudal Japan, quite literally the last stand of the disaffected samurai warriors against the new imperial government, put in place by the Meiji Restoration. By 1877, he sided with rebel forces and fought in what's now known as the Satsuma Rebellion. His lord, Kimotsuki Hisakane ( , 1641-1709), who was a retainer of the Satsuma fief, sent Yasusada () to study with the 57 th generation Naminohira smith . Illustration of the Navy Landing at Sukuchi Village (battle of Tabaruzaka Hill), Kagoshima Shinbun: Illustration of the Battle of Yamagaguchi, March 1877. Satsuma's governor, Oyama Tsunayoshi, explained that the uprising was in response to the government's assassination attempt on Saig, and asked that Admiral Kawamura (Saig's cousin) come ashore to help calm the situation. Ravina, Mark. However, the imperial government gradually sent more than 45,000 reinforcements to relieve Kumamoto, finally driving the Satsuma army away with heavy casualties. Who are Satnamis? Warbox|conflict=Satsuma Rebellion caption= Saig Takamori (seated, in Western uniform), surrounded by his officers, in traditional attire. In this,, The last and greatest revolt came in 1877 in Satsuma. [3], To help support and employ these men, in 1874 Saig established a private academy known as the Shi-gakk in Kagoshima. The Satsuma Rebellion book. More critically, the defeat of the samurai displayed the power of modern artillery and rifles, against which a banzai charge had no appreciable effect. However, Yamagata was determined to leave nothing to chance. Led by Daniel Shays, the rebel "Shaysites" of . The training provided was not purely academic: although the Chinese classics were taught, all students were required to take part in weapons training and instruction in tactics. Page 1 of 17 - About 161 Essays Improved Essays. Publish Date: Oct 08, 2018. In 1873, the central government began to conscript commoners as soldiers, replacing the samurai. Rejecting large numbers of volunteers, he made no attempt to contact any of the other domains for support, and no troops were left at Kagoshima to secure his base against an attack. In 1877, the samurai of the Satsuma Province rose up in the Satsuma Rebellion or Seinan Senso (Southwestern War), challenging the authority of the Restoration Government in Tokyo and testing the new imperial army. His first signature was Sanesada (). Ravina said that the war's scope was much farther than Satsuma, and he characterizes the event as being closer to a civil war than a rebellion. After Oyama departed, a flotilla of small ships filled with armed men attempted to board Takao by force, but were repelled. It threatened an all-out attack on Choshu, even though it did not have the military might to defeat that large domain. As a peer-reviewed international forum for researchers across the globe, it carries original scholarly contributions on premodern and modern history, literature, art history, religion, and thought; translations of important Japanese literary and historical sources; and authoritative reviews of recent books on Japan. Despite Yamagata's efforts over the next several days, Saig and his remaining 500 men reached Kagoshima on September 1 and seized Shiroyama, overlooking the city. Soon, more than 1,000 Satsuma samurai appeared and drove off the intruding sailors. ThoughtCo. The Satsuma Rebellion was a samurai rebellion against the imperial government of Japan which occurred from 29 January to 24 September 1877 on the island of Kyushu. Satsuma Rebellion. The surviving rebels made a stand on the slopes of Mount Enodake, and were soon surrounded. 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