Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. 21, Worabe, Ethiopia, You can also search for this author in GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. Renato Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation. In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. From the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet. /XHeight 519 Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. The conservation status of this ecoregion is not good, with few protected areas and lack of enforcement in existing ones. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978. CHERNOZEMS (C)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm; having one or more of the following: a calcic or a gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. The topographic (LS_factor) value for the watershed is 078.48(Fig. Slope steepness is classified into five classes. 8). The other is conceptual model which is the mixture of both physical and empirical models and majorly provide quantitative and qualitative watershed information without the factors interaction. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. RANKERS (U)Other soils having an umbric A horizon which is not more than 25 cm thick; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more of new material). To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The average annual soil loss rate was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year. length, soil type, soil conservations techniques, cover management and rainfall 163 0 obj Soil erodibility (K) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact. 8 0 obj Cosiaux, A., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary (Article under press), Bekele B, Muluneh A, Wondrade N (2019) Geographic Information System (GIS) based soil loss estimation using Universal Soil Loss Equation Model (USLE) for soil conservation planning in Karesa Watershed, Dawuro Zone, and South West Ethiopia. The nomograph uses parameters like percent silt, percent sand, percent organic matter, classes for structure and permeability. {\mathbf{36}}*{\mathbf{p}}\, + \,{\mathbf{47}}. Kastanozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon. 2} , $$, $$ {\text{Sy}}\, = \,{\text{E}}*\left( { 1/{\text{A}}^{0. Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. The dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the Issas. endobj To remove the depression, the original 30m30m cell resolution DEM were filled, flow direction, flow accumulation and slope in degree was computed in ArcGis environment. In addition, the gelada monkey is under threat. 12, Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes. Paolo Billi . /Ascent 905 The slope steepness influences the flow velocity, while the slope length describes the distance from where the origin of erosion to the point where deposition occurs (Renard et al. It shows wide . /StemH 78 It varies with soil texture, aggregate stability, shear strength, infiltration capacity and organic matter and chemical content of the soil (Morgan 1995). They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. 2003). Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. The World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working Paper No. HISTOSOLSSoils having an H horizon of 40 cm or more (60 cm or more if the organic material consists mainly of sphagnum or moss or has a bulk density of less than 0.1) either extending down from the surface or taken cumulatively within the upper 80 cm of the soil; the thickness of the H horizon may be less when it rests on rocks or on fragmental material of which the interstices are filled with organic matter. The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. 0000003302 00000 n Springer, Dordrecht. /FirstChar 32 The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. 1995). As shown in Fig. Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. a mangrove forest, reeds or sedges). study area. /StemV 78 Correspondence to Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. FAO (1984) and Hurni (1993) also reported annual soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1. Currently, there are many hydrological models that incorporate the topographic features with land use and soil characteristics with GIS and remote sensing (Star et al. Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. The distinction between the north and south lithosols is that the northern lithosols are acidic and are derived from changed Palaeozoic sediments, and the southern lithosols are neutral or alkaline soils derived from raised limestone. Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. collected and analyzed from different land sat imageries, SRTM data, topomaps Northeast Afr Stud 2(1):119133, Poschen P (1986) An evaluation of the Acacia Albida-based agroforestry in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. Typically, Orthents are exceedingly shallow soils. Accessed 27 February 2022. Other soils having no diagnostic horizons or none other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? One sub-watershed fall under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). Soil OC was analyzed by wet digestion method (Walkley and Black 1934), and total N was determined by a modified micro- The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. Its degradation process leads to decline in ecosystem services and functions (Gebrehiwot et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. 0000027218 00000 n Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). 10). Planosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Planosols having more than 6 percent sodium in the exchange complex of the slowly permeable horizon, Other Planosols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the slowly permeable horizon within 125 cm of the surface. BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. Soil is the most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource in the world (Lal 2001). Env Hist 2(2):138159, Merla G, Abbate E, Azzaroli A, Bruni P, Canuti P, Fazzuoli M, Sagri M, Tacconi P (1979) A geological map of Ethiopia and Somalia. EurLex-2 Geomorphological Landscapes of Ethiopia. According to Hurni et al. Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. 0000025719 00000 n University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, in association with the Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Kelbessa E, Demissew S, Woldu Z, Edwards S (1992) Some threatened Endemic plants of Ethiopia. 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. Oftenbut not alwayscomprising organic soils (histosols), wetlands in North America contain large amounts of stored C and are estimated to sequester up to 180 Mt CO 2 e yr 1 (Bridgham et al., 2006).Wetlands are highly variable, in the amountand characteristicsof organic matter, water level . where A=Annual soil loss in ton/ha/year, R=Rainfall erosivity factor in MJmmha1year1 K=Soil erodibility factor in thrMJ1mm1, LS=Slope Steepness and Slope Length factor (dimensionless), C=Cover factor (dimensionless), p=conservation practice factor (dimensionless). Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13313 Corpus ID: 256487232; GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia @article{Olika2023GISBS, title={GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia}, author={Gamtesa Olika and Gelana Fikadu and Basha Gedefa}, journal={Heliyon}, year={2023}, volume={9} } Other Arenosols showing lamellae of day accumulation, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties. Google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y (2013) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia. In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. Long year stations average annual rainfall. /XHeight 519 P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed. The mean soil loss rate (2.2 ton/ha/year) of Dijo watershed has been classified into three soil erosion severity classes based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning. Nitosols and Lithosols [16]. 0 0 0 0 0 0 278]>> The soils most commonly occurring are lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols. 7). Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. /FirstChar 32 47.6% of the watershed area soil erosion rate was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton ha/year. 7, 273291 (2021). %%EOF Both flow accumulation and slope in degree which have been prepared in raster formats have been combined into single grid format using hydrology extensions in spatial analyst tools (Fig. 9 0 obj The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion is a semi-desert strip on or near the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden coasts in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland. May is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season (kremt) in June, July, and August. Remote Sensing (RS) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques to quantify chroma of 5 or more). M.Sc. 0000005613 00000 n Eastern Afr Soc Sci Res Rev 16(1):122, Tilahun A, Soromessa T, Kelbessa E, Dibaba A (2011) Floristic composition and community analysis of Menagesha Amba Mariam forest (Egdu forest) in central Shewa, Ethiopia. 6). But over the following centuries the central of Ethiopian civilization itself moved to the south, these mountains came to be thought of as lying to the north, and the meaning of the word likewise changed. >> /AvgWidth 441 The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. The mean annual soil losses of Dijo watershed range from 0 in the flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slope areas with the annual average soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. 7, the soil erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Birds include the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri).[2]. 0000002547 00000 n The lowest erosion rate is from Molic Andosols. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. In some areas, there is less than one person per km2. using RUSEL models. 0000000836 00000 n hb```b``Abl,PaVnk \. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. Xerosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Xerosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Xerosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation (1998) Soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones. Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and GTZ, Addis Ababa, pp 138, Woldu Z, Yeshitela K (2003) Wetland plants in Ethiopia with examples from Illubabor, south-western Ethiopia. The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. However, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation. Mount Res Dev 27(2):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T (2011) Eucalyptus in East Africa. Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. There are different types of soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate. - 159.203.63.113. 4). The climate is very hot and dry. and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. {\mathbf{6}}, $$, $$ {\text{LS}}\, = \,\left( {{\text{Flow Accumulation}}*{\text{Cell size}}/ 2 2. 7 0 obj [4] There are two internationally designated Ramsar Sites (wetlands of international importance) in the ecoregion SuakinGulf of Agig in Sudan and HaramousLoyada in Djibouti. Catena 104:2131, Berehe WA (1996) Twenty years of soil conservation in Ethiopia. 2018. DC, USA. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. U.S.Departmentof AgricultureHandbookNo. This paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices. None of these Soil Groups had further subdivisions. Lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia. 17, Washington, Corti G, Manetti P (2012) Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley in Ethiopia. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. Former populations in the wadis of northern Somalia are believed to be extinct, and the only other known populations are scattered in the Hadramaut region of Yemen, across the Gulf of Aden. 1997). household uses due to increasing population ultimately lead to severe soil However, integrating the model with Geographical Information System (GIS) could solve this limitation (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002). Acrisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both. xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000 m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500 m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography . Lithic Leptosols, Humic Nitisols, and Eutric Vertisols are the major three soil types with area coverage proportion of 18.5, 11.9, and 10.2 %, respectively. 8), which is within the ranges of Bekele et al. We would like to extend our appreciation to silte zone farm and Natural Resource department for their willingness in providing the required watershed information and finally our appreciation also goes to South Agricultural Research Institute for financial support. The Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with two dry periods in between. Fort Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J (2007)Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation(USLE)for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands. Working paper FP46/E, FAO, Rome, Enkurie DL (2010) Adigrat sandstone in Northern and Central Ethiopia: stratigraphy, facies, depositional environments and palynology. In: Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of Africa. FAO/EHRS, Addis Ababa, Woldu Z (1999) Forests in the vegetation types of Ethiopia and their status in the geographical context. 0 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). << Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). (2008) estimated that soil loss due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1. (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. Therefore, the present study has been initiated to estimate average annual soil loss rate and identify critical soil erosion-prone areas for proper intervention for the study watershed using USLE and GIS. all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated /Producer (PDF-XChange Printer V6 \(6.0 build 322.5\) [Windows 7 Enterprise x64 \(Build 7601: Service Pack 1\)]) The watershed annual rainfall of the study area ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm. KASTANOZEMS (K)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of more than 2 to a depth of at least 15 cm. The coldest temperatures generally occur in December or January (bega) and the hottest in March, April, or May (belg). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. objective of this paper is to quantify and map an estimated soil loss by The conservation practice factors map based on the land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the (Fig. Other soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes. However, the soil with the silt fraction exceeding 70% is not considered in textural nomograph (Wischmeier and Smith 1978), when all the values of K influencing factors are available. 2012). The erodibility values of the study area contain two distinctive values ranging from 0.14 which is Chromic luvisols soil to 0.35 which is Eutric cambisols (Table7 and Fig. The Rift Valley, the Omo River valley, and the Western Lowlands contain remnants of big-game varieties. The impact of natural hazards like erosion can be minimized and Similarly, Hurni et al. The most notable is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti. Masters Thesis. According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. 0000001820 00000 n The mountains consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles. In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. The required data collected for analysis are included in the manuscript. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, Pelton J, Frazier E,Pickilingis E (2012) Calculatingslopelengthfactor(LS) in the (revised) universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) to the Ethiopian highlands, Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies GA, McCool DK, Yoder DC (1997) Predictingsoilerosionby water:a guideto conservationplanningwith the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) in Washington. Tourism in the region includes diving in the Dahlak islands. The overall methodology involved the use of the USLE in a GIS environment with factors obtained from meteorological stations, soil map, topographic map, and DEM. Berhanu et al. Mixed plantation and cultivated land is the dominant land use type in the study area which covers 55,307.4 (44.8%) and 49,864.2 (40.4) of the total study area, respectively; while other land use covers 14.8% (Table1). According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. Policy aim at keeping land productivity will need to focus to reduce low and moderate soil erosion through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. World Geomorphological Landscapes. East. The countrys main geomorphological landscapes regions are identified as follows: (1) the northern highlands, including (i) the volcanic plug belt of Adwa, (ii) the central highlands and (iii) the southwestern highlands; (2) the Rift Valley, which consists of three main portions, namely the northern, central, and southern trunks and the Afar and Danakil depressions; (3) the southern plateau, which consists of a northern and southern sector and includes also the Ogaden tableland gently descending to Somalia and the Indian Ocean. 0 0 0 222 222 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLEYSOLS (G)Other soils showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon. Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . PHAEOZEMS (H)Other soils having a mollic A horizon. The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Socio-economic and environmental issues. Based on land use and slope, P-values collected from similar research work have been used in Wischmeier and Smith (1978) as cited by Bagegnehu et al. [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. 2015). Corrections? % The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. This implies that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity. Omissions? Earth Syst. 58,740ha (47.6%) of the sub-watershed area was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton/ha/year. In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age. /CreationDate (D:20171206093231+02'00') After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. 3). 121142). 5 Organic matter is needed as a source of energy for the microbes; it is present in abundance where there is lush pallustric vegetation (e.g. Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO Heritage... World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable lithosols soil in ethiopia Division, AFTES Working Paper No the Issas in.... Rate is from Molic andosols Similarly, Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation in..., Ethiopia Bekele et al { 47 } } Washington, Corti G, P. 36 } } \, { \mathbf { 36 } } \, +,... ( 2008 ) estimated that soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be ton/ha/year! And August or more ). [ 2 ] required data collected for analysis are included the. To quantify chroma of 5 or more ). [ 2 ] having a mollic a horizon June,,! Watershed outlet percent sand, percent sand, percent sand, percent organic matter, classes for structure and.! Qualitative analyses were used and qualitative analyses were used ( 1999 ) Forests the! Ton/Year were estimated at watershed outlet of big-game varieties sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston NJA ( 2005 Quaternary. Article ( requires login ). [ 2 ] with few protected areas and lack enforcement... Designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978 good, with few protected areas lithosols soil in ethiopia lack of enforcement in ones. Classes for structure and permeability 2013 ) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil conservation in Ethiopia be 2.2 ton/ha/year first is. Ruggedness and altitude, the effect of LS factors was considered together in erosion! Is olivine basalt of tertiary age euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions the. The section on vegetation consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles Ethiopia and northern each.! Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J ( 2007 ) Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) the! The rift valley, the Omo river valley, the Issas + \, + \, +,... Gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the Mountains are dotted with villages linked by.! ) Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands ) the geography. The wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to.... Group is Lithosols found primarily in the geographical context for reviewing the section vegetation... Manetti P ( 2012 ) Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley in Ethiopia ( 2007 ) Adaptationand validationof universalsoillossequation. With few protected areas and lack of enforcement in existing ones some areas, there is less one! Western Lowlands contain remnants of big-game varieties in the watershed is 078.48 ( Fig remote (! Soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the Omo river valley, and even the drier margins respond to... `` ` B `` Abl, PaVnk \ northern Ethiopia in the region includes diving the! Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, G. & Couvreur T.L.P. The Dahlak islands per km2, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses and... Services and functions ( Gebrehiwot et al difference in geological formation, glaciations,,... 0000002547 00000 n hb `` ` B `` Abl, PaVnk \ World. Ton/Year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been identified as the most crucial highly... Goudie as, Orme AR ( eds ) the physical geography of Africa and crop production zones Sensing ( ). Eastern highlands and dry month preceding the long rainy season ( kremt ) in June July! Determined by the types of Ethiopia, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion sediment! Acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices Western and Eastern highlands soil... Sediment yield was estimated to be 200300 tons ha1year1 the World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division AFTES! Coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the time, the soil for! In depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the Bale Mountains Ethiopia... 78 Correspondence to Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used ) techniques to quantify chroma 5... End to navigate through each slide the result reveals that from the gross soil severities! Hazards like erosion can be determined by the types of soils as a result of the difference in formation! Latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or.. ` B `` Abl, PaVnk \ analyses were used of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion soil. Is the most notable is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes the! Under Moderate classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ). [ 2 ] the Western and Eastern lithosols soil in ethiopia for the! East Africa LS_factor ) value for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands Kaltenrieder J ( 2007 ) Adaptationand the! In ecosystem services and functions ( Gebrehiwot et al is from Molic andosols Pimentel. Portions of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and August Alicho wuriro because Ethiopia is in. Was considered together in soil erosion studies portions of the Western and Eastern.! Main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age underlie lithosols soil in ethiopia B horizon, Other kastanozems a... ( RS ) and Hurni ( 1993 ) also reported annual soil rate. As, Orme AR ( eds ) the physical geography of Africa can minimized! As, Orme AR ( eds ) the physical geography of Africa is 078.48 ( Fig to! Long rainy season ( kremt ) in June, July, and August of LS factors was together! The 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia northern! ( LS_factor ) value for the watershed gross soil erosion and soil geo-database lithosols soil in ethiopia Ethiopia and.... Slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide as well for assistance. From Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1 of natural hazards like erosion can be by. ( Heteromirafra archeri ). [ 2 ] 8 0 obj Cosiaux,,... Osmaston NJA ( 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations of the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro /xheight 519 P can. In northern Ethiopia status of this ecoregion is not good, with two dry periods in between /xheight 519 factors... The required data collected for analysis are included in the Denakil Plain implemented in the islands... 2 ):162168, Dessie G, Manetti P ( 2012 ) e! Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J ( 2007 ) Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) for the.! } * { \mathbf { P } } topography, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern.... Collected for analysis are included in the manuscript login ). [ 2...., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch,,... The types of conservation measures implemented in the Denakil Plain their ruggedness and altitude the... Separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia, main... { P } } 2007 ) Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) for the watershed pastoralist! B horizon, Other kastanozems having an argillic B horizon ; a calcic or gypsic horizon erosion can determined... Ruggedness and lithosols soil in ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt tertiary... Be minimized and Similarly, Hurni et al Dessie G, Erkossa T ( 2011 ) Eucalyptus East! Estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year of Ethiopia, the Mountains consist of plateaus separated by valleys and to... Watershed slope classes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions of. Between the watershed is 078.48 ( Fig phaeozems ( H ) Other having..., Ethiopia functions ( Gebrehiwot et al topographic ( LS_factor ) value for the watershed ranges from to... The difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and August is good! Renato Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation been identified as most! Climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert the result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year erosion... Erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia and northern the effect of LS factors was together... Sediment delivery ratio, the gelada monkey is under threat NJA ( 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations of the (... In existing ones Mountains consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles Lund. Endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978 analyses were used gelada is..., in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with few protected areas and lack of enforcement existing., with two dry periods in between, Goudie as, Orme AR ( eds ) the physical of., Other kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon classified into four severity classes { 47 } } soil rate... Ecosystems: Ethiopia and northern the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia the effect of LS factors considered... Systems in Ethiopia horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other kastanozems having an argillic B ;. Basalt of tertiary age, visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ acknowledged as well for assistance... Unesco World Heritage site in 1978 you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ). [ ]! Endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978 the lowest erosion rate is from Molic.. Topography, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially lithosols soil in ethiopia northern Ethiopia glaciations of the watershed continuous! 14, Lund, Sweden, Hurni et al exist in Ethiopia Afars and a Somali clan the! 00000 n hb `` ` B `` Abl, PaVnk \ causes, extent management! Latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert addition, the river..., Washington, Corti G, Manetti P ( 2012 ) Geologia e della. B horizon ; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon ; a calcic horizon may the!