In late 1981, she attended a lecture by the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan. Malcom mentioned in the beginning of the movie that his mother had white features because she was raped by a white man, never mentioning her background and leaving the audience to assume that she was raped by a slave holder. and G.C.C. [272], Except for his autobiography, MalcolmX left no published writings. "[184][185], After returning to the U.S., MalcolmX addressed a wide variety of audiences. [170][171] After his return to the United States, he accused the United States of imperialism in the Congo by supporting Tshombe and "his hired killers" as he called the White mercenaries. "[196] That same month, the Nation sued to reclaim MalcolmX's residence in East Elmhurst, Queens, New York. A follower of black . [359] Washington had previously played the part of MalcolmX in the 1981 Off-Broadway play When the Chickens Came Home to Roost.[360]. [14] To make ends meet, Louise rented out part of her garden, and her sons hunted game. [333] The city of Berkeley, California, has recognized MalcolmX's birthday as a citywide holiday since 1979. 2023 The oldest Black newspaper in the country that offers the "New Black View" within local, national and international news for the Black community.. Min. Not the bond company's version, not Warner Brothers'. For if you did you would know him. [97] Castro was sufficiently impressed with MalcolmX to suggest a private meeting, and after two hours of talking, Castro invited MalcolmX to visit Cuba.[98]. The M.G.T. He returned to the United States in late May[161] and flew to Africa again in July. [172] X charged that the "Congolese have been massacred by White people for years and years" and that "the chickens have home to roast". Shabazz said: "I think the things that I take issue with are the fact that he said my father engaged in a bisexual relationship, a homoyou know, he had a gay lover who was an elder White businessman, I think, in his late 50s when my father was in his teens. Roger Guenveur Smith, who had a small role in this film as an accomplice of Malcolm during his criminal days, played "Smiley", a man selling photographs of Malcolm X and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., in Do the Right Thing (1989), also directed by Spike Lee. [5][6][7] MalcolmX later said that White violence killed four of his father's brothers. Their contributions were made as donations; as Lee noted, "This is not a loan. He is considered an ambassador of the Lindy-hop, also called the "Jitterbug". "[195] Four days later, an FBI informant received a tip that "MalcolmX is going to be bumped off. Farrakhan, YOU MUST LOVE SISTER AVA MUHAMMAD! [21][22], After a short time in Flint, Michigan, he moved to New York City's Harlem neighborhood in 1943, where he found employment on the New Haven Railroad and engaged in drug dealing, gambling, racketeering, robbery, and pimping. Re-named Elijah Muhammad and referred to him as God's Messenger, Poole established a new temple in Chicago, the city that would become the Nation of Islam's headquarters. But he was killed before I got the chance, "There was no time for substantive discussions between the two. The stand-ins who played the Kennedys and the Connallys in JFK (1991) were also credited in this film. The Elevated Train in the opening scene in Boston, are actual New York City Transit Authority "D" type Museum cars that were built in 1927 and ran on the New York City BMT Subway Lines. If you love Min. [8], Because of Ku Klux Klan threats, Earl's UNIA activities were said to be "spreading trouble"[9] and the family relocated in 1926 to Milwaukee, and shortly thereafter to Lansing, Michigan. At trial, Hayer confessed, but refused to identify the other assailants except to assert that they were not Butler and Johnson. The 2020-2023 F.O.I. Elijah Muhammad told the annual Savior's Day convention on February26 that "MalcolmX got just what he preached," but denied any involvement with the murder. [179], X argued this extremism was not morally acceptable "since it's not extremism in defense of liberty". William Fichtner was hired to play a role in this film but does not have an appearance. Imam Yusuf Shah, a Black Muslim who helped to lead the Nation of Islam's Harlem mosque for 23 years and directed its Fruit of Islam security force in 20 Eastern states, died in his sleep on . "For me, my 'X' replaced the White slavemaster name of 'Little' which some blue-eyed devil named Little had imposed upon my paternal forebears. He said, "Brother, remember the time that white college girl came into the restaurant, the one who wanted to help the (Black) Muslims and the whites get together, and I told her there wasn't a ghost of a chance, and she went away crying? He spoke regularly at meetings held by MMI and the OAAU, and was one of the most sought-after speakers on college campuses. HISTORY . [135][136], MalcolmX sought Elijah Muhammad's approval which was denied, stunning MalcolmX. MalcolmX was again blocked by Elijah Muhammad when he spoke of the Nation of Islam starting to work with civil rights organizations, local Black politicians, and religious groups. The common goal of 22 million Afro-Americans is respect as human beings. Thats a fact.. [235], MalcolmX was buried at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. Director Spike Lee removed all mention of Louis Farrakhan from the film after receiving specific, direct threats from him. He refused to repeat the last four words, "by any means necessary", so Spike Lee inserted black and white footage of Malcolm X saying it himself. [121], In 1961, Malcolm X spoke at a NOI rally alongside George Lincoln Rockwell, the head of the American Nazi Party. [257][258][259][260][261] In a 1993 speech Farrakhan seemed to acknowledge the possibility that the Nation of Islam was responsible:[262][263]. It cost me 12 years. When Malcolm was in prison, he met fellow convict John Bembry,[43] a self-educated man he would later describe as "the first man I had ever seen command total respect with words". After first discounting the rumors, MalcolmX came to believe them after he spoke with Muhammad's son Wallace and with the girls making the accusations. In 1992 the film MalcolmX was released,[320] an adaptation of The Autobiography of MalcolmX. [39] Two years later, Malcolm was transferred to Norfolk Prison Colony (also in Massachusetts).[40][41]. Did you ever really listen to him? Well, I guess a man's entitled to make a fool of himself if he's ready to pay the cost. Kelly Wood stated that the letter was created by her cousin Reggie Wood for attention and book sales. The film features three generations of Washingtons: Denzel Washington, his son John David Washington and his mother Lennis Washington. [54], In 1950, the FBI opened a file on Malcolm after he wrote a letter from prison to President Truman expressing opposition to the Korean War and declaring himself a communist. Lee went public with his battles, and raised funds from celebrity friends, including Oprah Winfrey, Michael Jordan and Bill Cosby, to regain control of the project. "[244], Outside of the U.S., particularly in Africa, the press was sympathetic. [292] He said that African Americans were wrong when they thought of themselves as a minority; globally, Black people were the majority. [10] There, the family was frequently harassed by the Black Legion, a White racist group Earl accused of burning their family home in 1929. [268][269], A February 21, 2021 press conference attended by three of Malcolm X's daughters and members of deceased NYPD undercover officer Raymond Wood's family released his authorized posthumous letter that stated in part: "I was told to encourage leaders and members of the civil rights groups to commit felonious acts." Looking back on the experience of making Malcolm X (1992) and the pressure he faced to produce an accurate film, Spike Lee jokingly stated on the DVD audio commentary that when this movie was released, he and Denzel Washington had their passports handy in case they needed to flee the country. The Nation of Islam or NOI is an African-American political and religious movement, founded in Detroit by Wallace D. Fard Muhammad on July 4, 1930. I was a zombie thenlike all [Black] MuslimsI was hypnotized, pointed in a certain direction and told to march. [334], Many cities have renamed streets after MalcolmX. Lee clarified that he was not barring white interviewers from interviewing him, but that he felt, given the subject matter of the film, that black writers have "more insight about Malcolm than white writers". Hundreds of African Americans were joining the Nation of Islam every month. He proposed that African Americans should return to Africa and that, in the interim, a separate country for Black people in America should be created. The film was saved by the financial intervention of prominent black Americans, some of whom appear in the film: Bill Cosby, Oprah Winfrey, Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, Janet Jackson, Prince, and Peggy Cooper Cafritz, founder of the Duke Ellington School of the Arts. [339] In 1997, Oakland Avenue in Dallas, Texas, was renamed MalcolmX Boulevard. [46] He showed scant interest at first, but after his brother Reginald wrote in 1948, "Malcolm, don't eat any more pork and don't smoke any more cigarettes. Minister Farrakhan addresses the Nation of Islam's Youth. The film was originally titled "Any Means Necessary", according to a 1992 article where Spike Lee traveled to South Africa and spoke about the importance of including some scenes set in the township of Soweto, which was the birthplace of many notable South African freedom fighters. He soon converted to the Sunni faith. In 1987, New York mayor Ed Koch proclaimed Lenox Avenue in Harlem to be MalcolmX Boulevard. [188] He was interviewed on the subjects of segregation and the Nation of Islam by Robert Penn Warren for Warren's 1965 book Who Speaks for the Negro? [177] During the debate at Oxford, he criticized the way the Anglo-American press portrayed the Congo crisis, noting the Simbas were portrayed as primitive cannibalistic "savages" who engaged in every form of depravity imaginable while Tshombe and the White mercenaries were portrayed in a very favorable light with almost no mention of any atrocities on their part. The actions of such prominent members of the African American community giving their money helped finish the project as Lee envisioned it. During 1962 and 1963, events caused MalcolmX to reassess his relationship with the Nation of Islam, and particularly its leader, Elijah Muhammad. Washington played Troy Maxon; Smith was his understudy. [237], Reactions to MalcolmX's assassination were varied. [19], From age 14 to 21, Malcolm held a variety of jobs while living with his half-sister Ella Little-Collins in Roxbury, a largely African-American neighborhood of Boston. Noted "Squad" Rep. Rashida Tlaib (D-MI) penned an Op-Ed for the Nation of. [348] MalcolmX Liberation University, based on the Pan-Africanist ideas of MalcolmX, was founded in 1969 in North Carolina. The scene where Malcolm X delivers his final speech in the Audubon Ballroom opens with young teens doing a line dance. [15] In late 1938, she had a nervous breakdown and was committed to Kalamazoo State Hospital. Butler, today known as Muhammad Abdul Aziz, was paroled in 1985 and became the head of the Nation's Harlem mosque in 1998; he maintains his innocence. Lee contributed $2 million of his own $3 million salary. In January 1964, Ali brought MalcolmX and his family to Miami to watch him train for his fight against Sonny Liston. At certain schools, this film is used to portray Malcolm X's life, and how his protests compared to Martin Luther King Jr.'s protests. Phone: 212-932-7400, Nation of Islam mourns the loss of Minister Dr. Ava Muhammad. [18] He excelled in junior high school but dropped out of high school after a White teacher told him that practicing law, his aspiration at the time, was "no realistic goal for a nigger. The editor of Premiere noted that the request created internal discussions that resulted in changes at the magazine, stating, "Had we had a history of putting a lot of black writers on stories about the movie industry, we'd be in a stronger position. After the assassination, all footage of Malcolm X is of the real man, mostly in black and white. "[294][295], Although he no longer called for the separation of Black people from White people, MalcolmX continued to advocate Black nationalism, which he defined as self-determination for the African-American community. Lindsay Owen Pierre, in the 2013 television movie, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 17:23. [180] Many in the audience at Oxford were angered by Malcolm X's thesis and his support for the Simbas who had committed atrocities with one asking "What sort of extremism would you consider the killing of missionaries?". The scene where Betty Shabazz argues with Malcolm about his misplaced loyalties to Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam were contrived mostly to add dramatic effect to the film. Therefore, Spike Lee shares on-screen credit with the late Perl. [173], A week later, on November30, MalcolmX flew to the United Kingdom. "[310], In the late 1960s, increasingly radical Black activists based their movements largely on MalcolmX and his teachings. [110] MalcolmX suggested the United States government owed reparations to Black people for the unpaid labor of their ancestors. She was a mother of two children and a grandmother of two grandchildren. And if we dealt with him like a nation deals with a traitor, what the hell business is it of yours? In the book, Marable asserted that "Malcolm X had exaggerated his early criminal career and had engaged in an early homosexual relationship with a White businessman. Here were New York City policemen, entering a room from which at least a dozen shots had been heard, and yet not one of them had his gun out! MalcolmX came to the fore as a public figure partially as a result of a TV documentary entitled, The Hate that Hate Produced. 15 in Atlanta, Ga from 1998 until 2000. He ultimately declared Mohammad as a new savior sent from. This is the first non-documentary, and the first American film, to be given permission to film in Mecca (or within the Haram Sharif). II. The Marvel Comics writer Chris Claremont confirmed that Malcolm X was an inspiration for the X-Men character Magneto, while Martin Luther King was an inspiration for Professor X. [206] MalcolmX was pronounced dead at 3:30pm, shortly after arriving at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital. Into the hall sauntered about a dozen policemen. Carolyn Kelley was also married to William X Bradley, the man accused of being the main killer of Malcolm X with the shotgun. [190], In February, a leader of Temple Number Seven ordered the bombing of MalcolmX's car. Washington prepared by reading books and articles by and about Malcolm X and he went over hours of tape and film footage of speeches. [306] He is largely responsible for the spread of Islam in the Black community in the United States. moor National Islam , Asalam Aliekum, Hotep. [151][152], In the weeks after he left the Nation of Islam, several Sunni Muslims encouraged MalcolmX to learn about their faith. Your email address will not be published. And we will answer and say to them: Did you ever talk to Brother Malcolm? [55] That year, he also began signing his name "MalcolmX. Muhammad confirmed the rumors in 1963, attempting to justify his behavior by referring to precedents set by Biblical prophets. "[270] On February 26, 2021, the daughter of Raymond Wood, Kelly Wood, stated that the letter presented at the February 21 press conference is fake. James Baldwin was an early screenwriter. Publishers had shown interest in MalcolmX's autobiography, and when Louis Lomax wrote his 1963 book about the Nation, When the Word Is Given, he used a photograph of MalcolmX on the cover. "Nigger! According to Spike Lee, Warner Bros. wanted him to shoot the Egypt scenes on the Jersey shoreline. That was a bad scene, brother. [175][176], In his address at Oxford, Malcolm rejected the label of "Black Muslim" and instead focused on being a Muslim who happened to be Black, which reflected his conversion to Sunni Islam. Add to that, explained Student Southwest Regional Minister, Dr. Abdul Haleem Muhammad, "You have following in the footsteps of Islam's Holy Prophet, you have the reestablishing of . [J], MalcolmX mentored and guided LouisX (later known as Louis Farrakhan), who eventually became the leader of the Nation of Islam. The result was the 1972 documentary film Malcolm X. Denzel Washington played the title role in the 1992 motion picture MalcolmX. Nation of Islam Minister Louis Farrakhan delivers a speech and talks about President Donald Trump, at the Watergate Hotel, on November 16, 2017 in Washington, D.C. England's High court ruled that . graduates participated in the first in-person graduation since 2020 at the annual Saviours' Day convention. James Baldwin's screenplay was written and completed in over two years after co-writer Arnold Perl's death in 1971. In a telegram to Betty Shabazz, Martin Luther King Jr. expressed his sadness at "the shocking and tragic assassination of your husband. The Honourable Elijah Muhammad led the Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975. Vincent D'Onofrio was credited as playing Bill Newman in the footage taken from that film. MalcolmX was born May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska, the fourth of seven children of Grenada-born Louise Helen Little (ne Norton) and Georgia-born Earl Little. We will never be recognized as citizens there until we are first recognized as humans. CHICAGOMinister Dr. Ava Muhammad, the official national spokesperson for the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam as well as a member of the Nation of Islam's. I am watching Divinity of the female Special tribute to student Minister Ava Muhammad. [349], In 1996, the first library named after MalcolmX was opened, the MalcolmX Branch Library and Performing Arts Center of the San Diego Public Library system. Required fields are marked *. Denzel Washington put up his salary to get this film made. [167], Malcolm especially hated Mose Tshombe of the Congo as an "Uncle Tom" figure. A posthumous autobiography, on which he collaborated with Alex Haley, was published in 1965. Minister Louis Farrakhan, leader of the Nation of Islam, gets a standing ovation from his followers as he makes a point while speaking at a press conference at Mosque Maryam on March 31, 2011, in . [325][326], The house that once stood at 3448 Pinkney Street in North Omaha, Nebraska, was the first home of Malcolm Little with his birth family. In the film, a white student offers her help to Malcolm X, who rudely declines. It was an interesting challenge he laid down. However, the experience was positive enough to prompt her to change her major to Theater at Brown University. [109][110] He rejected the civil rights movement's strategy of nonviolence, arguing that Black people should defend and advance themselves "by any means necessary". One protest in Harlem drew over two hundred people. [A]bout five minutes later, a most incredible scene took place. [336][337] Brooklyn also has El Shabazz Playground that was named after him. However, the request proved controversial. "[301], Malcolm X's family has rejected these allegations about his personal life. They will say that he is of hatea fanatic, a racistwho can only bring evil to the cause for which you struggle! In the 1960s, Malcolm X began to grow disillusioned with the Nation of Islam, as well as with its leader, Elijah Muhammad. He emphasized the "direct connection" between the domestic struggle of African Americans for equal rights with the independence struggles of Third World nations. [321], Malcolm X was an inspiration for several fictional characters. The image of Denzel Washington holding the M1 Carbine and peering out the curtains is a direct visual recreation of an iconic photo that appeared in LIFE magazine. The suspect in Friday's . Other names. Lee fought very hard to get filming in Mecca, but Warner Bros. initially refused to put up the money for location shooting; New Jersey was considered for filming the Mecca segments. Denzel Washington (Malcolm X) and another actor in this film, Keith Randolph Smith (Brother Gene), went on to star in, and work on the New York revival of "Fences" with Viola Davis. He refused. [100] One of the goals of the civil rights movement was to end disenfranchisement of African Americans, but the Nation of Islam forbade its members from participating in voting and other aspects of the political process. Of Minister Dr. Ava Muhammads many accomplishments in service to the Nation of Islam was her transcribing of Minister Farrakhans words, which became a series of study guides and a cornerstone for the spiritual development of Nation of Islam members, titled, Self-Improvement: The Basis For Community Development., Those teachings and guidance are infused in the many books and articles she published and through her radio show and podcast called Elevated Places.. [111] His speeches had a powerful effect on his audiences, who were generally African Americans in northern and western cities. LouisX saw this as an important turning point in the deteriorating relationship between MalcolmX and Muhammad. [118] Malcolm X believed that the fabricated antisemitic text "Protocols of the Elders of Zion", was authentic and introduced it to NOI members, while blaming Jewish people for "perfecting the modern evil" of neo-colonialism. When I say sleeping together, I don't mean that literally. The Guardian reports that "The arrests kept the two men from managing door security at the Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights on the day of the shooting, according to the letter. [24][25][B] He befriended John Elroy Sanford, a fellow dishwasher at Jimmy's Chicken Shack in Harlem who aspired to be a professional comedian. That title points to the nature of Malcolm's life and death. He also reproduced five of his speeches, but featured only one of Muhammad'sall of which greatly upset Muhammad and made him envious. [212][213] Witnesses identified the other gunmen as Nation members Norman 3X Butler and Thomas 15X Johnson. They did not seem to be at all excited or concerned about the circumstances. Though still a Muslim, he felt that the Nation had "gone as far as it can" because of its rigid teachings. "[243] Time called him "an unashamed demagogue" whose "creed was violence. [245] The Daily Times of Nigeria wrote that MalcolmX would "have a place in the palace of martyrs"[246] The Ghanaian Times likened him to John Brown, Medgar Evers, and Patrice Lumumba, and counted him among "a host of Africans and Americans who were martyred in freedom's cause. "[205][206][207], As MalcolmX and his bodyguards tried to quell the disturbance,[M] a man rushed forward and shot him once in the chest with a sawed-off shotgun[208][209] and two other men charged the stage firing semi-automatic handguns. [12] After a dispute with creditors, Louise received a life insurance benefit (nominally $1,000 about $18,000 in 2022)[A] in payments of $18 per month;[13] the issuer of another, larger policy refused to pay, claiming her husband Earl had committed suicide. [172], Malcolm X charged that the Cuban migr pilots hired by the CIA to serve as Tshombe's air force indiscriminately bombed Congolese villages and towns, killing women and children, but this was almost never mentioned in the media while the newspapers featured long accounts of the Simbas "raping White women, molesting nuns". It caused some personnel changes. In 1980, Minister Dr. Ava Muhammad and her mother were diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent traditional treatments. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. [210], Les Payne and Tamara Payne, in their Pulitzer Prize winning biography The Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm X, claim that the assassins were members of the Nation of Islam's Newark, New Jersey, mosque: William 25X (also known as William Bradley), who fired the shotgun; Leon Davis; and Thomas Hayer. Terence Blanchard: The trumpeter in the "Billie Holiday Quintet". [157] Several days later, after completing the Hajj rituals, MalcolmX had an audience with the prince. All four African-American men were arrested. [130] A controversial figure accused of preaching racism and violence, Malcolm X is also a widely celebrated figure within African-American and Muslim American communities for his pursuit of racial justice. The request was turned down by the Los Angeles Times, but several others agreed, including Premiere magazine, Vogue, Interview, and Rolling Stone. The white liberal differs from the white conservative only in one way: the liberal is more deceitful than the conservative. The house was torn down in 1965 by new owners who did not know of its connection with MalcolmX. He responded with indignation towards the reporters interviewing him, shouting, "You did it! These are black folks with some money, who came to the rescue of the movie. Minister Dr. Ava Muhammad is the first Muslim woman in modern history to occupy a position of authority over a mosque anywhere in the world. [169] Malcolm X maintained that there was a double standard when it came to White and Black lives, noting it was an international emergency when the lives of Whites were in danger, making Dragon Rouge necessary, but that nothing was done to stop the abuses of the Congolese at the hands of "Tshombe's hired killers". I will do the film the way it ought to be, and it will be over three hours." More than 70 backup officers arrived who then raided the mosque and randomly beat Nation of Islam members. And what he did talk about was someone else's encounter. [34][35][36] He was declared "mentally disqualified for military service". Although they had different upbringings, Washington tried to focus on what he had in common with his character; Washington was close to Malcolm X's age when he was assassinated, both men were from large families, both of their fathers were ministers, and both were raised primarily by their mothers. Even though the server responded OK, it is possible the submission was not processed. [233] Friends took up the gravediggers' shovels to complete the burial themselves. Thank You Ava Muhammad for sharing your knowledge, all praises to the Most High!!!!! [122] Even after his departure from the NOI and during the last months of his life, Malcolm X's statements about Jews continued to include antisemitic images of Jews as "bloodsucker[s]". On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 88% based on 57 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. Our homes on earth are given by God and cherished deeply, but our ultimate home, the home of promise, is heaven. ", "Turning my back on Malcolm was one of the mistakes that I regret most in my life. X Brand Potato chips, kosher processed and endorsed by a non-profit organization, were distributed after the release and success of Malcolm X (1992). The first known celebration of MalcolmX Day took place in Washington, D.C., in 1971. [180], On February5, 1965, MalcolmX flew to Britain again,[181] and on February8 he addressed the first meeting of the Council of African Organizations in London. [318] In 1986 Ella Little-Collins merged the Organization of Afro-American Unity with the African American Defense League. After Malcolm X joined the NOI, he quickly rose to become its national spokesman as membership ballooned through the 1950s and early 1960s. I did many things as a (Black) Muslim that I'm sorry for now. But beyond that, they're in the same bed. [69], In 1955, Betty Sanders met MalcolmX after one of his lectures, then again at a dinner party; soon she was regularly attending his lectures. [271], On February 22, 2023, it was announced that the daughters of Malcolm X will file a $100 million wrongful death lawsuit against the CIA, the FBI, the NYPD and others for allegedly concealing evidence related to the assassination and for alleged involvement to it. [87], Alerted by a witness, MalcolmX and a small group of Muslims went to the police station and demanded to see Johnson. 1965 after their father's death, and named in his honor). [298] In a conversation with Gordon Parks, two days before his assassination, Malcolm said: [L]istening to leaders like Nasser, Ben Bella, and Nkrumah awakened me to the dangers of racism. [267] In January 2019, members of the families of MalcolmX, John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy were among dozens of Americans who signed a public statement calling for a truth and reconciliation commission to persuade Congress or the Justice Department to review the assassinations of all four leaders during the 1960s. ASA, OUR BELOVED BLACKNIFICENT SISTA, A BEAUTIFUL BRITE STAR WENT 2 ALLAH, BUT HER LITE WIL 4 EVER SHINE. Christians have the promise of a home, whose architect and builder is the Lord Jesus Christ (John 14:1-6). American Black rights activist (19251965), This article is about the person. We've hired a black writer and a black editor.". Nation of Islam Temples were numbered according to the order in which they were established. The current Minister is the Honorable Louis Farrakhan. Hundreds of streets and schools in the U.S. have been renamed in his honor, while the Audubon Ballroom, the site of his assassination, was partly redeveloped in 2005 to accommodate the Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center. In 1956, she joined the Nation of Islam, changing her name to BettyX. 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