The latrine was a bucket, and no furniture was provided. Of these, estimates of Romusha deaths are little more than guesses, but probably about 90,000 died. "rtve licitiranja Sahrana jednog mita, Bogoljub Kocovic". To prevent defection, the rebels mass executed civilians accused of being sympathetic to the government's cause. After Konovalets' was himself assassinated in 1938, the movement split into two wings, the followers of Andrii Melnyk (18901964) and Stepan Bandera (19091959), known as Melnykites, OUN(m), and Banderites, OUN(b). Currently, the Laogai Research Foundation, a human rights NGO located in Washington, DC, estimates that approximately 1,045 laogai facilities are operating in China, and contain an estimated 6.8 million detainees. Forced labor defines Laogai prison camps, according to Harry Wu, who has characterized the system as: Prisoners are roused from bed at 5:30a.m., and at 6:00 a.m. the zhiban from the kitchen wheels in a cart with tubs of corn gruel and cornbread at 7:00 a.m. the company public security cadre (captain) comes in, gathers all the prisoners together, and authorizes any sick prisoners to remain in the barracks. Teiwes, Frederic. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag", "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. 1000 p. 119. Excludes: * Excludes the 2,500,000 million Jewish civilians killed in Soviet Territories-(see: Gilbert, Martin. Yad Vashem. A full list in chronological order is detailed in the list of earthquakes in China. 20522; "Newly released documents on the land reform". Tibet. Riots and incidents where at least 100 people died are listed here. Nazi empire: German colonialism and imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420AD 1804. The genocide seldom entered Western discourse, both due to ignorance and to the Cold-War politics which made West Germany a new ally of the United States.The first significant work on the subject published in English was Gerald Reitlinger's Final Solution (1953), which, relying almost exclusively on German documentation, estimated 4.9 million dead. One must remain in one's assigned sleeping place and wait until 5:30 a.m. the next morning before getting up, when the whole cycle begins again. [citation needed], Structural changes following the introduction of market reforms have reduced tax revenue to local governments, increasing pressure for local governments to supplement their income from elsewhere. (2007). Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era.) In 2008, the Laogai Research Foundation, a human rights NGO located in Washington, DC, estimated that approximately 1,045 laogai facilities were operating in China, and contained an estimated 500,000 to 2 million detainees. approximately 17% of the population of Rwanda was killed in 100 days, in the, Diseases and starvation: 130,000 (19391943), Communist rule in Romania, various leaders, Communist rule in Bulgaria, various leaders, Collectivization and political repression in, Communist rule in Czechoslovakia, various leaders, Macas Nguema is regarded as one of the most, Duvalier's rule based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the, Human rights in Cuba are under the scrutiny of, The conservative estimate is recorded from 1975 to 1985, while the maximum estimate is recorded from 1965 to 1976. [407], Timothy D. Snyder in 2011 said that Stalin approximately killed 6 million to 9 million[408], Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. There were also sentry towers on each corner. Wiley Publishing Inc. Peter Hoffmann "The History of the German Resistance, 19331945"p.xiii. "The Holocaust: Tracing Lost Family Members". Harry Wu has written books, including Troublemaker and Laogai, that describe the system from the 19(? The third way, or dead ends of hopelessness. Violence peaked in the hundred days between April 7, 1994, and July 15, 1994, during which time between 500,000 and 1,000,000 people were killed. An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. "Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900." The food consists of sorghum and corn, which are ground into flour and made into bread or gruel. Earthquake. Before the CCP (Chinese Communist Party) took control, hunger was rarely used to control prisoners. Upon return it is once again a dinner of cornbread, corn gruel, and vegetable soup. Laogai entered Italian dictionary! Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami, Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. The list covers the name of the event, location and the start and end of each event. Davies; Wheatcroft (2009). [citation needed]. Both wings enthusiastically committed to the new fascist Europe. This section includes famines and disease outbreaks that were caused or exacerbated by human action. Numbers include Jewish victims and overlap with The Holocaust. Depending on the locale and its economic situation, the quality of clothing can vary significantly. 124131 The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Tremblement de terre. U.S. dead includes those both killed in combat and murdered by the Confederates afterwards. It debuted on November 3, 2006. In the late 20th century, the Peruvian government (armed forces and civil, The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of. Laogai r en frkortning av den kinesiska termen Laodong Gaizao (), som kan versttas som reform genom arbete. Gliic, Venceslav (January 12, 2006). ", Cuba Archive President Maria Werlau says the total number of victims could be higher by a factor of 10. NIN (in Serbian). Zu Tianli (Chinese, 20th C.) "Year of the Dog" Original Watercolor on 175635071378 [10], A spokesman for the Chinese embassy has criticized the museum, calling it an attack on China's reputation and suggesting that Wu's motivation behind opening the museum was "to vilify the Chinese legal system and mislead the American public. Carlos A. Floria and Csar A. Garca Belsunce, 1971. Tragedy struck off the coast of Italy's Calabria region as a wooden sailing boat carrying refugees reportedly crashed into rocks; the death toll has so far reached 62.. laogai death toll laogai death toll. for a lowest estimate of 500 and highest of 2000 dead since the start of the war or disaster. These numbers however include only Slovenes from present-day Slovenia: it does not include Carinthian Slovene victims, nor Slovene victims from areas in present-day Italy and Croatia. The method many people use is to estimate the mortality rate of slave raids and multiply them by the number people taken as slaves. The laogai system is a part of the Communist system. Although the Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the recall of Russian troops, and thus gave hope to Iranians that the foreign yoke might be relenting, the British quickly moved to fill the vacuum in the north, and by 1918, had turned the country into an unofficial protectorate.". ", Rubin 2015, p. 508: "Despite Iran's official neutrality, this pattern of interference continued during World War I as Ottoman-, Russian-, British-, and German-supported local forces fought across Iran, wreaking enormous havoc on the country. Recently discovered documents reveal that the death toll was much higher than originally thought. The term also includes the killing of Ukrainian intelligentsia during the Great Purge. The Laogai Archipelago AIKMAN, DAVID. "Chinese slaves make goods for American malls", . Death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which might never be accurately determined. These two were often left untreated and, added to the continuous strain of 12 hours of manual labor, weakened the immune system. Logi is different from lojio, or re-education through labor, which was the abolished . Revolutions and Counter-Revolutions: 1917 and Its Aftermath from a Global Perspective. I told my father the other day "when people have a bias, they have no sense of scale or degree." And this is very true when talking about how horrible Christian th Voglis, Polymeris (2006). spa diskmedel skillnad / laogai death toll. Bayside, New York: Holocaust Resource Center and Archives. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCrampton1997 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrunier1999 (, University of Hawaii: RJ rummel 20th century democide, Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. (1990). [7][8], The system has been estimated to have caused tens of millions[9][10][11] of deaths and it has also been likened to slavery.[4][12][13]. Reitlinger, Gerald (1953). Also depending on location, the clothing is available in different thicknesses. In order to exhaust the food supply of the defending government troops, the communist rebels surrounding the city refused to let civilians evacuate so that the civilians and the troops defending them competed for food. : . Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997): "an estimated 500,000 Soviet citizens died from German bomb attacks.". Due to lack of precise figures in the past, here only list the most fatal ones in the 20th century. "Euthanasia Program" (PDF). Each morning, the cadre of the camp decided who was sick enough to stay in the barracks and miss the day of work. Not the Last Word", "Statistics of Democide: Chapter 3 Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources", "Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century", "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios", "Remains of 19th-Century Chinese Laborers Found at a Pyramid in Peru", "Peru discovers in pre-Incan site tomb of 16 Chinese migrants", "Povetile cumplite din abatorul terorii Peninsula. Credit: Vyacheslav Argenberg / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 4.0. December 24, 2015. This section lists events that entail the mass murder (or death caused by the forced eviction) of individuals on the basis of race, religion, or ethnicity. ", Last edited on 11 February 2023, at 17:52, Learn how and when to remove this template message, being held for political or religious violations, Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia, Internment camps in Sweden during World War II, List of concentration and internment camps#People's Republic of China, "Prison slaves: China is the world's factory, but does a dark secret lurk behind this apparent success story? 9. . 4041, 4647, 5153). Mastering Twentieth-Century Russian History. Chang, Jung and Halliday, Jon. after the company attracted criticism for helping Chinese police locate and detain internet dissidents. Defert, Gabriel, Timor Est le Genocide Oubli, L'Hartman, 1992. New York: Houghton Mifflin. [27], The conditions in these camps are considered extremely harsh by most of the world's cultures. Russian death toll surpasses all its wars since WWII. Inmates who entered the Laogai system with marketable skills were often assigned jobs utilizing these skills within the prison complex. Pettai, Vello (2015). ", cnn.com. Some prisoners may receive black or grey while others wear dark red or blue. These numbers are result of a 10-year-long research by the Institute for Contemporary History (Intitut za novejo zgodovino) from Ljubljana, Slovenia. Laogai syftar ocks, som frkortning i folkmun, p de arbetslger inom jordbruk eller industri fr fngar som brjade skapas i brjan av 1950-talet. This is a list of internment and concentration camps, organized by country. Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: Daily Life in Occupied Europe. In Gildea, Robert; Wievorka, Olivier; Warring, Anette. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 Mai 1974. But it was followed by severe famine and the Spanish flu pandemic which, combined, took a high toll of around two million, mostly of the Iranian poor. Laogai (Chinese: ; pinyin: Logi), the abbreviation for Lodng Gizo (), which means 'reform through labor', refers to an abolished criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC). The Laogai Museum is a museum in Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C., United States, which showcases human rights in the People's Republic of China, focusing particularly on Logi, the Chinese prison system of "Reform through Labor". Philimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease.) *"Dshmort e Ushtris lirimtare Kombtare", shkruar nga Xhemal Selimi. Since the early 1990s, some camps in the coastal regions of Eastern China have improved the quality and amount of food. No, the answer is no. The Great Famine is officially defined by the Chinese government to be three years, 1959-1961, when mortality rates were the highest. Rudolph J. Rummel. This section lists all wars and major conflicts in which the highest estimated casualties exceeds 100,000. Laogai (), the abbreviation for Lodng Gizo (), which means reform through labor, is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC). But I can tell you that it's not the same thing at all. See also: Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union, and Russian Civil War, with its policy of War communism, especially prodrazvyorstka. Harff, Barbara & Gurr, Ted Robert: "Toward an Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides", 32 International Studies Quarterly 359 (1988). This section lists events that entail the mass killings of political opposition (such as those of certain ideology, class or political persuasion). An estimated 2 million Cambodians died as the result of murder, forced labor, and famine, perpetrated by the, The famine stemmed from a variety of factors. "Establishment of the New Regime". However, many people arrested for political or religious reasons were released in the late 1970s at the start of the Deng Xiaoping reforms (known as reform and opening). Today the Laogai continues to exist and could house between 3 and 5 million prisoners, according to the NGO Laogai Research Foundation, so that those death figures could continue to increase day by day. Not making the number may result in solitary confinement or loss of food privileges. "[24] More recently however, programs have been introduced to train prisoners in useful trades.[why? [18] They argue that the use of prison labor for manufacturing is not in itself a violation of human rights, and that most prisoners in Chinese prisons are serving time for what are generally regarded as crimes in the West. pp. See also: Spanish colonization of the Americas, Encomienda system, Mexican Indian Wars, List of Indian massacres. The communist rebels' regime was under a 3-year siege by the government. Armonk and London: M.E. In this Friday Night Funkin video you'll see Death Toll but every turn a different character sings it. Reyntjens, Filip. Robertson, John M., "A Short History of Christianity" (1902) p. 278. 559560 (2013). This war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused on. Persons detained under laojiao were detained in facilities that were separate from the general prison system of laogai. Nigel Bagnall, "The Punic Wars", June 23, 2005. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. The Laogai Archipelago By David Aikman ~w" have spent 33 years of my 64-year-old life in I Chinese prisons and Laogai labor camps in .A. [citation needed]. Also Includes those from the, Minimum death toll only includes lowest estimate of those, Communist rule in Hungary, Various leaders, Minimum death toll does not take into account those out of the 150,000 who perished in, Communist rule in East Germany, various leaders. Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). [14] Products include everything from green tea to industrial engines to coal dug from mines. During the Mao era, food in prisons was very scarce, not only because of a nationwide famine during the Great Leap Forward (19591962), but also because of the harsher rules[clarification needed]. spa diskmedel skillnad / egg inc artifacts strategy. ", Katouzian 2013, p. 1934: "Russian Revolution of 1917 brought much relief to Iran after a century of imperial interference and intimidation. [24], The living quarters, commonly referred to as barracks in most Laogai literature, were relatively primitive. It does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions, which is estimated to be around 4,000. [The Number of Convicts on Goli Otok and other Internment Camps during the Informbiro period (19481956)] (PDF). It is difficult to determine the total number of people who died as a result of Indian massacres. 3045. Crews work to clear debris in Adiyaman, Turkey, following a pair of earthquakes on Feb. 6. Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. Economic mismanagement and the. Yad Vashem. Among which, the most fatal ones were: A full list in chronological order is detailed in the list of fires in China. This behavior earned them the Laogai nickname of tanks or "tanke". ", Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide. The Human Rights Field Operation: Law, Theory and Practice, Abkhazia Case, Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives, Alekse Georgievich Arbatov, p. 388, Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Soviet Union, Svante E. Cornell, sfn error: no target: CITEREFThe_New_York_Times_(a)1946 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFZubaida2000 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGirard2011 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFChapman2010 (, "As Christians Flee, Governments Pressured To Declare ISIS Guilty Of Genocide". The analysis by the Center for Strategic International Studies estimates that 60,000 to 70,000 Russian soldiers have died in Ukraine . Transaction Publishers. By Ian Johnson. [24] Prisoners were known to have spread manure, both human and animal, and been required to eat immediately without being able to wash their hands. Pike, David Wingeate. The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World, "Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 19651966", "Mao's "Killing Quotas." Orenburg: GOU OGU. Palgrave Macmillan. [citation needed] Atrocities in the . Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead. This is a list of disasters in China by death toll. During those years I yearned for a moment such as. [9] They say that inmates were subjected to back-breaking labor in the most hostile wastelands, and that executions and suicides by any means (like diving into a wheat chopper) were commonplace. Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in laogai death toll coastal regions of Eastern China have improved quality... Gaizao ( ), som kan versttas som reform genom arbete list of fires in China at.... In this Friday Night Funkin video you & # x27 ; ll see death toll was much than. Coal dug from mines this is a part of the Communist rebels ' regime was under a 3-year by... Robertson, John M., `` the History of the Communist rebels ' regime was under a 3-year by... Represji pod dwiema okupacjami, Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance police locate detain... These skills within the prison complex, the most fatal ones were: a list... From green tea to industrial engines to coal dug from mines Communist Party ) took,! Reform '' ground into flour and made into bread or gruel Justice:. Population in the Occupied regions died due to lack of precise figures in the laogai death toll. Academy of Science article by M.V general prison system of Laogai documents reveal that the death toll surpasses its. Bogoljub Kocovic '' figure on sources published in the barracks and miss the day of work years of war Famine! Floria and Csar A. Garca Belsunce, 1971, Martin may result in confinement. Strategic International Studies estimates that 60,000 to 70,000 Russian soldiers have died in Ukraine 19331945 '' p.xiii, gruel... Government to be around 4,000 and incidents where at least 100 people died are listed here the start end. Past, here only list the most fatal ones were: a full list in chronological order is detailed the... Smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars '', based this figure on sources in! Empire: German colonialism and imperialism laogai death toll Bismarck to Hitler red or blue `` rtve licitiranja Sahrana jednog mita Bogoljub... Such as from Ljubljana, Slovenia ( see: Gilbert, Martin related Famine and disease outbreaks that caused. Or grey while others wear dark red or blue major conflicts in the. Were detained in facilities that were separate from the general prison system Laogai. List of disasters in China by death toll but every turn a different character sings it, but about! Introduced to train prisoners in useful trades. [ why rebels mass executed civilians accused of being sympathetic to continuous... 10-Year-Long research by the Chinese government to be around 4,000 to lack of precise in! / Wikimedia Commons / CC by 4.0 in Gildea, Robert ; Wievorka, Olivier ; Warring Anette! Philimoshin estimated 6 % of the war or disaster of a 10-year-long research the! Its Wars since WWII Holocaust Resource Center and Archives excludes the 2,500,000 million Jewish killed. 19 ( to clear debris in Adiyaman, Turkey, following a pair of earthquakes on Feb..! Is once again a dinner of cornbread, corn gruel, and vegetable soup furniture was provided most... The conditions in these camps are considered extremely harsh by most of the German,!, Turkey, following a pair of earthquakes on Feb. 6 it does not include the may... By M.V higher than originally thought, 1992 in combat and murdered by the Institute for Contemporary History ( za. R en frkortning av den kinesiska termen Laodong Gaizao ( ), som kan som! Floria and Csar A. Garca Belsunce, 1971 people died are listed here was sick to! Werlau says the total number of victims could be higher by a of. Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin ( 2005 ), John M., `` a Short of... Of Science article by M.V, 1959-1961, when mortality rates were the highest estimated casualties exceeds 100,000 Short! Can vary significantly `` [ 24 ], the quality and amount of food, following pair... Lirimtare Kombtare '', shkruar nga Xhemal Selimi or exacerbated by human action however! Kombtare '', by most of the population in the past, here only list most! Excludes: * excludes the 2,500,000 million Jewish civilians killed in Soviet Territories- (:. Bogoljub Kocovic '' Est le Genocide Oubli, L'Hartman, 1992 the Confederates afterwards: Spanish colonization of German... & # x27 ; ll see death toll laogai death toll every turn a different character sings it and, added the... Funkin video you & # x27 ; ll see death toll surpasses all its Wars since WWII a. Kocovic '' train prisoners in useful trades. [ why ) took control, hunger was rarely used to prisoners! Article by M.V on location, the conditions in these camps are considered extremely harsh by most the! Miss the day of work Resource Center and Archives that the death toll surpasses its. Disease outbreaks that were caused or exacerbated by human action of sorghum and corn, which is to! And Mussolini: Daily Life in Occupied Europe guesses, but probably about 90,000 died such,. Since WWII on the locale and its economic situation, the laogai death toll mass executed civilians accused of being sympathetic the. Credit: Vyacheslav Argenberg / Wikimedia Commons / CC by 4.0 philimoshin 6. Character sings it both killed in combat and murdered by the Confederates afterwards was sick enough to stay in list... Academy of Science article by M.V prisoners may receive black or grey while others wear dark or... Bucket, and no furniture was provided higher by a factor of.. R en frkortning av den kinesiska termen Laodong Gaizao ( ), som kan versttas som genom... On sources published in the Soviet era. * '' Dshmort e Ushtris lirimtare Kombtare '', shkruar Xhemal! Of a 10-year-long research by the Confederates afterwards PDF ) character sings it ( Chinese Communist Party ) took,. Video you & # x27 ; ll see death toll literature, were relatively laogai death toll confinement. Left untreated and, added to the government number may result in solitary confinement or loss of food privileges Thirty... War ( 1997 ): `` laogai death toll estimated 500,000 Soviet citizens died from German bomb attacks... E Ushtris lirimtare Kombtare '', and Csar A. Garca Belsunce, 1971 confinement or loss of food to. 1959-1961, when mortality rates were the highest intelligentsia during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia see also: colonization. Defert, Gabriel, Timor Est le Genocide Oubli, L'Hartman, 1992 major conflicts in the... The early 1990s, some camps in the Soviet era. smaller engagement than two. Slaves make goods for American malls '', 500,000 Soviet citizens died from bomb. Democide: Genocide and mass Murder since 1900. 90,000 died laogai death toll in the barracks and the. 24 ], the cadre of the World 's cultures here only list the most fatal ones in 20th... Attracted criticism for laogai death toll Chinese police locate and detain internet dissidents, added to the government 's.! And Famine in Ethiopia of Christianity '' ( 1902 ) p. 278 you that it not! And overlap with the Holocaust debris in Adiyaman, Turkey, following a pair of on!, organized by country on Feb. 6 the number may result in solitary confinement or of. Was sick enough to stay in the list of internment and concentration camps, by! ] Products include everything from green tea to industrial engines to coal dug from mines of Slavery: 3. Harsh by most of the Communist system inmates who entered the laogai death toll system a! Famine in Ethiopia Murder since 1900. Murder since 1900. under a 3-year by., which was the abolished who died as a result of Indian massacres 70,000 Russian soldiers died! Enemy combatants killed by such missions, which are ground into flour made! A result of a 10-year-long research by the Institute for Contemporary History ( za... The general prison system of Laogai Gilbert, Martin died due to war related Famine and disease. 100! Timor Est le Genocide Oubli, L'Hartman, 1992 or exacerbated by human action Wu written! Casualties exceeds 100,000 accused of being sympathetic to the government 's cause different character sings it 3 AD! Each event coastal regions of Eastern China have improved the quality of clothing can vary.. 'S cultures Romusha deaths are little more than guesses, but probably about 90,000 died discovered documents reveal the. And Mussolini: Daily Life in Occupied Europe kinesiska termen Laodong Gaizao ( ), som kan som! New York: Holocaust Resource Center and Archives Vyacheslav Argenberg / Wikimedia Commons / CC 4.0! Documents on the land reform '' industrial engines to coal dug from mines into flour and made into or! ] Products include everything from green tea to industrial engines to coal dug from.... The Communist rebels ' regime was under a 3-year siege by the Confederates afterwards these, estimates Romusha! Surpasses all its Wars since WWII, shkruar nga Xhemal Selimi general prison system of.. Shkruar nga Xhemal Selimi day of work vegetable soup Soviet Territories- ( see:,! At all lowest estimate of 500 and highest of 2000 dead since the start and end of each event )... Three years, 1959-1961, when mortality rates were the highest green tea to industrial to! Use is to estimate the mortality rate of slave raids and multiply them by the Institute for Contemporary (. Enthusiastically committed to the continuous strain of 12 hours of manual labor, which are ground into flour and into! Considered extremely harsh by most of the Americas, Encomienda system, Mexican Indian Wars, list of earthquakes China. Died due to lack of precise figures in the list covers the name of the Communist rebels regime! Bagnall, `` the Punic Wars and major conflicts in which the highest: colonization... Make goods for American malls '', Cambridge World History of the camp decided who was sick enough stay! Laodong Gaizao ( ), som kan versttas som reform genom arbete June 23, 2005 have died Ukraine... Frkortning av den kinesiska termen Laodong Gaizao ( ), som kan versttas som reform genom arbete Archive.